Robots that look like us: 
“What's happening now is incredibly exciting”

We've seen prototypes of human-like robots for years now: Robots that can talk, walk, and lift things.

It’s fascinating, but these projects are still at the pilot stage and are used to demonstrate the technology, not market it.

But now, a number of companies are working to create human-like robots to sell.

The Norwegian company 1X has already commercialised a robot called EVE, which is currently working in security.

“We're close to a ChatGPT moment for robotics,” says Bernt Øivind Børnich.

He is the CEO of 1X.

One robot, many tasks

A great deal of factory and production work has already been automated. One of the arguments for creating humanoid robots is that they can, in theory, do many of the same things as humans.

Instead of building many different specialised robots, it’s possible to build a humanoid robot that can learn how to perform many different tasks in an environment designed for humans.

It is clear that humanoid robots are trending, says Kai Olav Ellefsen. He is an associate professor at the University of Oslo and participates in the research group for robotics and intelligent systems.

“I think many have realised that the technology needed to create a humanoid robot is starting to fall into place. It may be close to beginning a useful product,” he says.

It’s reminiscent of when smartphones first arrived on the market.

“Many of the components of this technology were ready to go, such as touchscreens, batteries, and other components. When Apple managed to create one, many others could follow suit. It may be that we’re somewhat in the same place now with humanoid robots,” says Ellefsen.

Collaboration with OpenAI

Investors have poured a lot of money into promising companies.

Figure, founded in 2022, already has an advanced robot to showcase. The goal is to build a robot that, with the help of artificial intelligence, can take over jobs that are unsafe for humans, or that humans don’t want to do.

In February, investors like Jeff Bezos, Nvidia, and Microsoft invested 675 million USD in the company. Figure has also entered into a collaboration with OpenAI, which is the company behind ChatGPT.

Norwegian company 1X has also teamed up with OpenAI.

The start of a new era

Figure's collaboration with OpenAI appears to be fruitful. A new video released in March has impressed experts interviewed by sciencenorway.no.

In the video demonstration, the robot Figure 01 performs tasks based on verbal commands and explains its choices.

The way the robot talks and moves in the short demonstration appears startlingly human-like.

“The link between robotics and artificial intelligence is obvious, but not that easy. It is hugely impressive what they have achieved,” says Morten Goodwin.

He is a professor at the University of Agder and an expert in artificial intelligence.

“I'm confident that this is the beginning of a new era where robots become much smarter than we are used to," he says.

Expects a growing market

Goldman Sachs estimates that the global market for humanoid robots could reach 38 billion USD by 2035.

This is an upward revision from their previous estimate of 6 billion USD in 2022.

The company wrote that the main reason behind their revised assessment is advances in artificial intelligence with large language models. There are also indications that components will cost less than expected.

In their scenario, more than 250,000 humanoid robots will be delivered in 2030, most for industrial use. Goldman Sachs expects annual deliveries to increase to one million robots in about a decade.

Elon Musk is on it

Figure and 1X are not the only ones with big ambitions.

Tesla is working on its humanoid robot called Optimus. This robot is intended to take over unsafe, repetitive, or boring tasks.

Elon Musk believes it will become the company's most valuable asset.

“As I've said before, I think Optimus will be more valuable than everything else combined,” Musk said recently, according to Business Insider.

Musk believes Optimus will perform useful tasks by the end of this year and that the robot could be available for purchase by the end of next year. He adds that this is just speculation.

Watch Optimus fold a t-shirt in the video below.

Doesn’t have to look human

Agility Robotics has created a robot called Digit. It resembles a human but has legs like a grasshopper. The robot is designed to work in a warehouse or in production alongside humans.

Digit is being tested in warehouses in collaboration with Amazon.

“What's happening now is incredibly exciting,” says Evi Zouganeli.

She is a professor at OsloMet, Oslo Metropolitan University. She studies the intersection between artificial intelligence and robotics.

“The development of human-centric robots is thrilling and truly impressive. Things are happening quickly now. We are seeing a development where several more important building blocks are gradually falling into place,” she says.

Zouganeli prefers the term human-centric robots rather than humanoid robots.

“Even though they often have two legs and two arms and are somewhat human-like, that is not the goal. The goal is for them to function in our surroundings, interact with us, and aim to assist us. Eventually, they will hopefully be able to perform heavy, tedious, and dangerous tasks,” she says.

“It’s not certain that people like robots that look like humans. Maybe robots should look like robots but behave like well-mannered, reliable, and kind humans.” 

Several companies are competing in this field, says Zouganeli. Some seem to excel in mobility and stability, others in strength, precise manipulation and dexterity, and others in communication and thinking, according to the researcher.

May seem smarter than they are

At the same time, Zouganeli points out that the robots shown in demonstrations can appear more intelligent than they are. We might see a robot that talks, understands what is being said, and performs a task, as in the video of Figure 01.

“But here, the context is defined, and the environment is relatively simple – a table with objects, a person asking questions, and asking the robot to do something. Not much else happens,” she says.

Zouganeli adds that the robot would hardly perform as well in an uncontrolled and unstructured environment where the context is unknown and complex. 

"Robots still don't have a comprehensive understanding of everyday situations; they don't grasp what is going on, the intentions of the people around them, intended and unintended consequences, and so on,” she says.

If robots are really going to be useful, they should be able to perform complex tasks and function reliably in an unstructured environment, such as on a street or in a private home, says Zouganeli.

“In these situations, they have to be able to perceive context, have a sufficiently nuanced perception of human and material values, a certain understanding of risk, and be able to foresee consequences,” she says. “We're not there yet, but progress is being made."

Most are initially aiming to create robots for environments that are characterised by routine.

Where are all the self-driving cars?

In theory, smart and autonomous humanoid robots could provide labour where there are shortages, help the elderly with household tasks, or function as an assistant.

Not everyone agrees that the technology is ready yet.

“Many have recently invested in companies that work with human-like robots. But there are still some who are sceptical and believe that we are too far off,” says Ellefsen.

Apple is instead investing in a small, wheel-based device that can follow you around at home, he adds.

“What makes me most sceptical is that we saw the same hype for self-driving cars ten years ago,” says Ellefsen.

“We've long believed that self-driving cars were close to being robust enough for all kinds of situations, but we haven’t gotten there yet. Training a self-driving car is very similar to training a home robot.” 

To be tested by car manufacturers

If robots can't drive cars, maybe they can help make them.

The company Apptronik has entered into an agreement with Mercedes-Benz. The car manufacturer will test the robot Apollo.

Apollo will, among other tasks, deliver parts to people working on the production line, according to The Verge.

Another player is Boston Dynamics. Over the years, they have impressed people with their extremely athletic robots.

A new version of the Atlas robot will be tested at Hyundai, Boston Dynamics announced in April.

Watch the company's previous version of Atlas perform parkour in the video below.

China is also betting on this technology. The country's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology aims to mass-produce humanoid robots by 2025, according to the South China Morning Post.

See more active humanoid robots in a list from Built In.

Thinks the robots are coming

Experts that sciencenorway.no has spoken to believe that human-like robots will be performing jobs in society within a few years.

In a podcast from the beginning of 2023, Morten Goodwin predicted that assistant robots would arrive within five years, by 2028.

Assistant robots function autonomously, meaning they control themselves and can perform simple tasks upon receiving instructions from humans.

"This doesn't mean these robots will be everywhere, but it will be a product available for purchase. It will take several years before they become commonplace," says Goodwin.

Gradual development

Kai Olav Ellefsen also believes that humanoid robots will be put to work within a few years.

Part of the reason for this, according to Ellefsen, is that many companies are adopting a strategy of gradual implementation. Robots will initially work in environments where they are most likely to succeed.

This involves structured and standardised tasks, such as in warehouses or factories.

"From there, they will move into more complex environments, like hospitals, and eventually into homes, where many unforeseen events can occur and mistakes can have significant consequences," he says. 

The speed of development will depend on how widely the first robots are adopted, Zouganeli suggests.

“These robots are going to cost a lot to begin with. It's a chicken-and-egg situation. The more they are used, the cheaper they will become, allowing for the development of more advanced versions for more challenging tasks in complex environments,” she says.

“We are likely to see human-centric robots in packaging, sorting, storage, distribution, light industry, and production soon,” she predicts.

Gradually, there will likely be more applications with specialised tasks, such as office or hospital staff, Zouganeli believes.

“In the long term, we may also see robot assistants as a shared resource in nursing homes and care facilities,” she says.

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Translated by Nancy Bazilchuk

Read the Norwegian version of this article on forskning.no

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